NTP CHEMICAL REPOSITORY (RADIAN CORPORATION, AUGUST 29, 1991)
IDENTIFIERS
CATALOG ID NUMBER: 000477
CAS NUMBER: 71-43-2
BASE CHEMICAL NAME: BENZENE
PRIMARY NAME: BENZENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C6H6
STRUCTURAL FORMULA: C6H6
WLN: RH
SYNONYMS:
(6)ANNULENE
BENZOL
CYCLOHEXATRIENE
PHENE
PHENYL HYDRIDE
PYROBENZOLE
COAL NAPHTHA
BENZIN
BENZOLE
BENZOLENE
BICARBURET OF HYDROGEN
CARBON OIL
MINERAL NAPHTHA
MOTOR BENZOL
NITRATION BENZENE
BENZINE
PYROBENZOL
NCI-C55276
RCRA WASTE NUMBER U019
UN 1114
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: LITERATURE: Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid
REPOSITORY: Clear colorless liquid
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 78.11
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 0.8765 @ 20/4 C [017,047]
DENSITY: 0.905 g/mL @ 21 C (RAD)
MP (DEG C): 5.5 C [017,058,395,421]
BP (DEG C): 80.1 C [017,031,055,395]
SOLUBILITIES:
WATER : 1-5 mg/mL @ 18 C (RAD)
DMSO : >=100 mg/mL @ 22 C (RAD)
95% ETHANOL : >=100 mg/mL @ 22 C (RAD)
METHANOL : Not available
ACETONE : >=100 mg/mL @ 22 C (RAD)
TOLUENE : Not available
OTHER SOLVENTS:
Cyclohexane: >=100 mg/mL @ 21 C (RAD)
Glacial acetic acid: Miscible [031,295,395]
Chloroform: Miscible [031,395]
Carbon disulfide: Miscible [031,062,395]
Carbon tetrachloride: Miscible [031,062,395]
Most organic solvents: Soluble in 100 parts [205]
Light petroleum: Miscible [295]
Oils: Miscible [031,295,395]
Ether: Miscible [031,062,295,395]
Alcohol: Miscible [031,062,295,395]
Acetic acid: >10% [047]
Acid: >10% [047]
VOLATILITY:
Vapor pressure: 60 mm Hg @ 15 C [038,055]; 76 mm Hg @ 20 C [055]
Vapor density : 2.77 [043,051,055,058]
FLAMMABILITY(FLASH POINT):
This chemical has a flash point of -11 C (12 F) [031,036,058,275]. It
is flammable. Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry
chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. The autoignition temperature
is 562 C (1044 F) [036,043,058,062].
UEL: 8% [036,043,058,062] LEL: 1.4% [036,043,058,430]
REACTIVITY:
This chemical is incompatible with oxidizers [036,058,269,346]. It
is also incompatible with strong acids [058]. It can react with chlorine,
ozone, permanganates, sulfuric acid, peroxides, perchlorates, nitrating
acid, nitric acid, chromic acid anhydride and chromium trioxide [051].
It can also react with (bromine + iron) [346]. Reactions may also occur
with interhalogens and uranium hexafluoride. The complex with silver per-
chlorate exploded on crushing in mortar. Mixtures with 84% nitric acid
are highly sensitive to detonation. A solution with rubber exploded when
ozonized [036]. Mixtures with liquid oxygen are explosive [036,051,058].
It readily undergoes substitution reactions to form halogen, nitrate, sul-
fonate and alkyl derivatives [430].
STABILITY:
This chemical is hygroscopic [269]. It is also sensitive to heat
[058]. Solutions of this chemical in water, DMSO, 95% ethanol or acetone
should be stable for 24 hours under normal lab conditions (RAD).
OTHER PHYSICAL DATA:
Specific gravity: 0.8787 @ 15/4 C [031,395]; 0.879 @ 15/15 C [058]
Density: 0.87865 g/mL @ 20 C [421]
Vapor pressure: 100 mm Hg @ 26.1 C [043,301,430]; 166 mm Hg @ 38 C [058]
Vapor pressure: 118 mm Hg @ 30 C [055]; 40 mm Hg @ 7.6 C [038,051]
Refractive index: 1.5011 @ 20 C [017,047,062,430]; 1.4979 @ 25 C [205]
Surface tension: 28.9 dynes/cm [062,371]
Gasoline-like odor [371]
Vapor is heavier than air [051,371]
Vapor burns with a smoky flame [062,295]
Floats on water [371]
Burning rate: 6.0 mm/min [371]
100% Volatile by volume [058]
Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): >1 [058]
log P octanol: 2.13 @ 20 C [055]
UV max: 400-350 nm, 330 nm, 300 nm, 290 nm, 280 nm (A = 0.01, 0.02, 0.06,
0.15. 1.0) [275]
Odor threshold: 0.84 ppm [051]
Noncorrosive [051]
TOXICITY
NIOSH REGISTRY NUMBER: CY1400000
TOXICITY:
typ. dose mode specie amount units other
LCLo ihl hmn 2 pph/5M
LCLo ihl hmn 2000 ppm/5M
TCLo ihl man 150 ppm/1Y-I
TCLo ihl hmn 100 ppm
LCLo ihl hmn 65 mg/m3/5Y
LDLo unr man 194 mg/kg
LD50 orl rat 3306 mg/kg
LC50 ihl rat 10000 ppm/7H
LD50 ipr rat 2890 ug/kg
LD50 orl mus 4700 mg/kg
LC50 ihl mus 9980 ppm
LD50 ipr mus 340 mg/kg
LDLo orl dog 2000 mg/kg
LCLo ihl dog 146000 mg/m3
LCLo ihl cat 170000 mg/m3
LCLo ihl rbt 45000 ppm/30M
LDLo ivn rbt 88 mg/kg
LDLo ipr gpg 527 mg/kg
LDLo scu frg 1400 mg/kg
LCLo ihl mam 20000 ppm/5M
LDLo ipr mam 1500 mg/kg
LDLo orl man 50 mg/kg
SAX TOXICITY EVALUATION:
THR: A human poison by inhalation. An experimental poison by skin contact,
intraperitoneal, intravenous and possibly other routes. Moderately toxic
by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. A severe eye and moderate skin
irritant. Human systemic effects by inhalation and ingestion. An ex-
perimental carcinogen, neoplastigen, tumorigen and teratogen. Other
experimental animal reproductive effects. Human mutagenic data. A
narcotic. In industry, inhalation is the primary route of chronic
benzene poisoning. Poisoning by skin contact has been reported. Recent
(1987) research indicates that effects are seen at less than 1 ppm.
Exposures needed to be reduced to 0.1 ppm before no toxic effects were
observed. Elimination is chiefly through the lungs. A common air con-
taminant.
Poisoning occurs most commonly via inhalation of the vapor, although
benzene can penetrate the skin and cause poisoning. Locally, benzene has
a comparatively strong irritating effect. Exposure to high concentra-
tions of the vapor (3000 ppm or higher) may result from failure of equip-
ment or spillage. Such exposure, while rare in industry, may cause acute
poisoning, characterized by the narcotic action of benzene on the central
nervous system. The anesthetic action of benzene is similar to that of
other anesthetic gases, consisting of a preliminary stage of excitation
followed by depression and if exposure is continued, death through
respiratory failure. The chronic, rather than the acute form, of benzene
poisoning is important in industry. It is a recognized leukemogen.
There is no specific blood picture occurring in cases of chronic benzol
poisoning. For the worker, repeated blood examinations are necessary,
including hemoglobin determinations, white and red cell counts and dif-
ferential smears. Where a worker shows a progressive drop in either red
or white cells, or where the white count remains low, 5000/mm3 or the
red count <4.0 million/mm3, on two successive monthly examinations, he
should be immediately removed from benzene exposure. Elimination is
chiefly through the lungs, when fresh air is breathed. The portion that
is absorbed is oxidized, and the oxidation products are combined with
sulfuric and glucuronic acids and eliminated in the urine. This may be
used as a diagnostic sign. Benzene has a definite cumulative action, and
exposure to a relatively high concentration is not serious from the point
of view of causing damage to the blood-forming system, provided the
exposure is not repeated.
CARCINOGENICITY:
Tumorigenic Data:
TCLo: ihl-man 200 mg/m3/78W-I
TCLo: ihl-hmn 10 ppm/8H/10Y-I
TDLo: orl-rat 52 gm/kg/52W-I
TCLo: ihl-rat 1200 ppm/6H/10W-I
TDLo: orl-mus 18250 mg/kg/2Y-C
TCLo: ihl-mus 300 ppm/6H/16W-I
TDLo: skn-mus 1200 gm/kg/49W-I
TDLo: scu-mus 600 mg/kg/17W-I
TDLo: par-mus 670 mg/kg/19W-I
TC : ihl-hmn 150 ppm/15M/8Y-I
TD : orl-rat 52 gm/kg/1Y-I
TD : orl-rat 10 gm/kg/52W-I
TC : ihl-man 600 mg/m3/4Y-I
TC : ihl-man 150 ppm/11Y-I
TC : ihl-mus 1200 ppm/6H/10W-I
TDLo: ipr-mus 1200 mg/kg/8W-I
TD : orl-mus 2400 mg/kg/8W-I
TC : ihl-hmn 8 ppb/4W-I
TC : ihl-hmn 10 mg/m3/11Y-I
TC : ihl-mus 300 ppm/6H/16W-I
Review: IARC Cancer Review: Human Sufficient Evidence
IARC Cancer Review: Animal Sufficient Evidence
IARC human carcinogen (Group 1) [015,395,610]
ACGIH suspected human carcinogen [015,415,421,610]
OSHA cancer hazard [015,327,610]
Status: NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (Gavage); Clear Evidence: Male and Female
Rat, Male and Female Mouse [015,620]
NTP human carcinogen [610]
NTP Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens, 1984
EPA Carcinogen Assessment Group [610]
MUTATION DATA:
test lowest dose | test lowest dose
----------- ----------------- | ----------- -----------------
dns-rat:lvr 1 mmol/L | dni-hmn:leu 2200 umol/L
cyt-rat-ihl 300 mg/m3/16W-I | cyt-hmn:leu 1 mmol/L/72H
mnt-mus-orl 40 mg/kg | cyt-rbt-scu 8400 mg/kg
oms-rat:lvr 1 mmol/L | cyt-hmn:lym 1 mg/L
sce-hmn:lym 200 umol/L | otr-mus:fbr 150 gm/L
cyt-mus-ihl 3000 ppm | otr-ham:emb 100 ug/L
dni-rat-ihl 400 ppm | cyt-rat-scu 12 gm/kg/12D-I
mnt-mus-scu 440 mg/kg | cyt-hmn-ihl 125 ppm/1Y
mnt-mus-ipr 264 mg/kg/24H | dni-mus-orl 20 gm/kg
sce-mus-ihl 10 ppm/6H | cyt-mus-orl 20 mg/kg
cyt-mus-ipr 264 mg/kg/3D-C | dlt-mus-orl 1 mg/kg
dlt-mus-ipr 5 mg/kg | dni-rbt-scu 2 gm/kg
cyt-hmn-unr 10 ppm/4W | oms-rat-scu 1 gm/L
sce-mus-ipr 5 gm/kg | oms-grh-ihl 14 pph/16H
oms-rat:bmr 1 mmol/L | oms-rat-scu 2200 mg/kg
oms-rbt:bmr 1 mmol/L | oms-cat:bmr 1 mmol/L
oms-nml-ipr 75 gm/kg | mnt-mus-ihl 10 ppm/6H
oms-hmn:lym 5 umol/L | sln-asn 35000 ppm
dni-hmn:hla 2200 umol/L | slt-dmg-orl 11250 umol/L
mmo-smc 275 mg/L | mma-smc 549 mg/L
mrc-smc 275 mg/L | mnt-rat-ihl 1 ppm/6H
sce-rat-ihl 3 ppm/6H | mma-mus:lym 62500 ug/L
mma-mus:emb 2500 mg/L | otr-mus:emb 1 gm/L
msc-mus:lym 12500 ug/L | dnd-ham:ovr 17 mmol/L
cyt-ham:lng 550 mg/L | cyt-ham:ovr 600 mg/L
sln-ham:lvr 62500 ug/L | msc-hmn:lym 1 gm/L
oms-mus:lym 10 mmol/L | sce-ham:ovr 750 mg/L
dnd-mus:lym 3840 umol/L | oms-mus:oth 5 mmol/L
dni-mus-ipr 880 mg/kg | dni-mus-ihl 3000 ppm/4H-C
dni-mus:bmr 3 mmol/L |
TERATOGENICITY:
Reproductive Effects Data:
TCLo: ihl-rat 670 mg/m3/24H (15D pre/1-22D preg)
TCLo: ihl-rat 56600 ug/m3/24H (1-22D preg)
TCLo: ihl-rat 50 ppm/24H (7-14D preg)
TCLo: ihl-rat 150 ppm/24H (7-14D preg)
TDLo: orl-mus 9 gm/kg (6-15D preg)
TDLo: orl-mus 12 gm/kg (6-15D preg)
TCLo: ihl-mus 500 ppm/7H (6-15D preg)
TDLo: ipr-mus 5 mg/kg (1D male)
TDLo: scu-mus 1100 mg/kg (12D preg)
TDLo: scu-mus 7030 mg/kg (12-13D preg)
TDLo: ivn-mus 13200 ug/kg (13-16D preg)
TDLo: par-mus 4 gm/kg (12D preg)
TCLo: ihl-mus 500 mg/m3/12H (6-15D preg)
TCLo: ihl-rbt 1 gm/m3/24H (7-20D preg)
TDLo: orl-mus 6500 mg/kg (8-12D preg)
TCLo: ihl-mus 5 ppm (6-15D preg)
TCLo: ihl-mus 20 ppm/6H (6-15D preg)
STANDARDS, REGULATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS:
OSHA: Federal Register (1/19/89) and 29 CFR 1910.1000 Subpart Z
Transitional Limit: PEL-TWA 10 ppm; Ceiling Limit 25 ppm;
Peak 50 ppm/10M [545,610]
Final Limit: PEL-TWA 1 ppm; STEL 5 ppm/15M [327,545,610]
Action level: PEL-TWA 0.5 ppm [610]
ACGIH: TLV-TWA 10 ppm [015,415,421,610]
NIOSH Criteria Document: Recommended exposure limit to this compound-air:
TWA 0.32 mg/m3; Ceiling Limit 3.2 mg/m3/15M [015]
NFPA Hazard Rating: Health (H): 2
Flammability (F): 3
Reactivity (R): 0
H2: Materials hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely with
full-faced mask self-contained breathing apparatus which provides
eye protection (see NFPA for details).
F3: Materials which can be ignited under almost all normal temperature
conditions (see NFPA for details).
R0: Materials which are normally stable even under fire exposure conditions
and which are not reactive with water (see NFPA for details).
OTHER TOXICITY DATA:
Skin and Eye Irritation Data:
skn-rbt 15 mg/24H open MLD
eye-rbt 88 mg MOD
eye-rbt 2 mg/24H SEV
skn-rbt 20 mg/24H MOD
Review: Toxicology Review-14
Standards and Regulations: DOT-Hazard: Flammable liquid; Label: Flammable
liquid
Status: NIOSH Analytical Methods: See hydrocarbons, aromatic, 1501; hydro-
carbons, BP 36-126 C, 1500
EPA TSCA Chemical Inventory, 1986
EPA TSCA Test Submission (TSCATS) Data Base, September 1989
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Status Report 8EHQ-0680-0345
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Status Report 8EHQ-1277-0027
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Status Report 8EHQ-0378-0112
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Status Report 8EHQ-0978-0244
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Status Report 8EHQ-0379-0277
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Status Report 8EHQ-0378-0112
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: In vitro cytogenetics-human
lymphocyte
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: In vivo cytogenetics-human
lymphocyte
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: Mammalian micronucleus; Sperm
morphology-mouse
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Negative: Cell transform.-SA7/SHE; In vitro
SCE-human lymphocytes
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Negative: In vitro SCE-human
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
NIOSH Analytical Methods: see Benzene by portable GC, 3700
OSHA Analytical Method #12
OTHER DATA (Regulatory)
PROPER SHIPPING NAME (IATA): Benzene
UN/ID NUMBER: UN1114
HAZARD CLASS: 3 SUBSIDIARY RISK: None PACKING GROUP: II
LABELS REQUIRED: Flammable liquid
PACKAGING: PASSENGER: PKG. INSTR.: 305, Y305 MAXIMUM QUANTITY: 5 L, 1 L
CARGO : PKG. INSTR.: 307 MAXIMUM QUANTITY: 60 L
SPECIAL PROVISIONS: None
USES:
This chemical is used as a solvent. It is used in the manufacture
of medicines, dyes, artificial leather, linoleum, oil cloth, pesticides,
plastics and resins, PCB, aviation fuel, detergents, flavors and perfumes,
paints and coatings, airplane dope, varnishes, lacquers, explosives and
other organics. It is used in photogravure printing and as a component
of high-octane gasoline. It is used to manufacture ethylbenzene, isopropyl-
benzene, cyclohexane, aniline, maleic anhydride and alkylbenzenes. It is
used in veterinary medicine to destroy screwworm larvae in wounds.
COMMENTS:
This chemical occurs in coal tar and petroleum naphtha and is also
a constituent of gasoline. It also occurs in thermal degradation gases
from high-density polystyrene and in solid waste gasification products.
It has also been identified in condensates of tobacco smoke. Its use is
declining due to its toxicity [430].
HANDLING PROCEDURES
ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS:
This compound is highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin
contact [036,165,295,395]. Poisoning may occur through skin absorption
[036,295]. It is an irritant of the skin, eyes, nose and throat [058,
346,371,430]. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide [058,269].
MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:
If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during
handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to
your gloves.
RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS:
Permeation Test Results For The Neat (Undiluted) Chemical:
The permeation test results for the neat (undiluted) chemical are given
below. The breakthrough times of this chemical are given for each glove type
tested. The table is a presentation of actual test results, not specific
recommendations or suggestions. Avoid glove types which exhibit breakthrough
times of less than the anticipated task time plus an adequate safety factor.
If this chemical makes direct contact with your glove, or if a tear, puncture
or hole develops, replace them at once.
Glove Type Model Number Thickness Breakthrough Time
Polyvinyl alcohol Edmont 25-545 0.25 mm 30 min.
Nitrile Edmont 37-155 0.38 mm 15 min.
Polyvinyl chloride Edmont 34-100 0.15 mm 0 min.
Neoprene Edmont 29-870 0.53 mm 10 min.
Viton North F-091 0.23 mm 355 min.
Butyl rubber North B-174 0.58 mm 25 min.
RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR:
When working with this chemical, wear a NIOSH-approved full face
positive pressure supplied-air respirator or a self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). [651]
OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact
a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and
potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the
physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and
toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route
of exposure.
STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should store this chemical in an explosion-proof refrigerator,
protect from moisture and keep it away from oxidizing materials. If possible,
it would be prudent to store this compound under inert atmosphere. STORE AWAY
FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION.
SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then,
use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated
clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for
eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol
followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the
contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has
verified that the area has been properly cleaned.
DISPOSAL AND WASTE TREATMENT: Not available
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
SKIN CONTACT:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating
all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly
with soap and water.
IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms
(such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after
washing the affected areas.
INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a
hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath,
or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown
atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or
equal to that advised under Respirator Recommendation.
EYE CONTACT:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush
victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while
simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.
Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without
specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if
no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being
aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical
problems.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of
water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control
center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth,
ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with
the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport
the victim to a hospital.
SYMPTOMS:
Symptoms of exposure to this compound include staggering gait, vomiting,
loss of consciousness, central nervous system depression, dizziness, headache,
constriction of the chest and euphoria [051,301,406,430]. It can cause
somnolence, shallow and rapid pulse, delirium, chemical pneumonia, fear of
impending death, breathlessness, visual disturbances, hilarity, weariness,
fatigue, vertigo, death following coma, dyspnea, inebriation with euphoria,
hemorrhaging in the brain, pericardium, urinary tract, mucous membranes and
skin, blood dyscrasias, hyperbilirubinemia, splenomegaly, adrenomegaly,
abnormal caloric labyrinth irritability, impairment of hearing, erythema,
vesiculation, chromosome aberrations and tinnitus [430]. In addition, it
causes irritation of the mucous membranes, restlessness, depression and
aplasia [031]. Edema and blistering of the skin, blood changes, intestinal
irritation, cataract formation and embryotoxic activity have been reported
[058]. It causes weakness, anemia, anorexia, bone marrow hyperplasia with
leucocytosis, epistaxis, menstrual disturbances, mental confusion, mydriasis,
pulmonary edema, purpura, rapid respiration, speech problems, skin and eye
irritation, scaling, urine color change and weight loss [051]. Other symptoms
include tremors, visual blurring, sleepiness, loss of appetite, nervousness,
shallow and rapid breath, aplastic anemia and nausea [301,406]. This material
may cause pallor, excitation, respiratory failure, liver and kidney damage,
ventricular arrhythmias and irritability [295]. It has caused bone marrow
depression, reduced platelets and red and white blood cells and leukemia [058,
301,421]. Occasionally hemorrhages in the retina and in the conjunctiva have
occurred and on rare instances neuroretinal edema and papilledema have
accompanied retinal hemorrhages [099]. Petechiae, coma, fibrillation and
necrosis or fatty degeneration of the heart, liver and adrenals are possible
[301]. Also, it can cause leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, irregular heart beat
and inflammation of the respiratory tract [395].
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