NTP CHEMICAL REPOSITORY (RADIAN CORPORATION, AUGUST 29, 1991)
IDENTIFIERS
CATALOG ID NUMBER: 001247
CAS NUMBER: 60-29-7
BASE CHEMICAL NAME: ETHYLETHER
PRIMARY NAME: ETHYL ETHER
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C4H10O
STRUCTURAL FORMULA: C2H5OC2H5
WLN: 2O2
SYNONYMS:
DIETHYL ETHER
DIETHYL OXIDE
ETHER
ETHOXYETHANE
ETHYL OXIDE
1,1'-OXYBISETHANE
SULFURIC ETHER
AETHER
ANAESTHETIC ETHER
ANESTHESIA ETHER
ANESTHETIC ETHER
RCRA WASTE NUMBER U117
SOLVENT ETHER
UN 1155
PRONARCOL
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: LITERATURE: Clear, colorless, mobile liquid
REPOSITORY: Clear colorless liquid
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 74.12
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 0.7135 @ 20/4 C [043,051,055]
DENSITY: 0.7134 g/mL @ 20 C [421]
MP (DEG C): -116.3 C [038,051,071,205]
BP (DEG C): 34.6 C [043,205,269,371]
SOLUBILITIES:
WATER : >=100 mg/mL @ 20 C (RAD)
DMSO : >=100 mg/mL @ 20 C (RAD)
95% ETHANOL : >=100 mg/mL @ 20 C (RAD)
METHANOL : Not available
ACETONE : >=100 mg/mL @ 20 C (RAD)
TOLUENE : Not available
OTHER SOLVENTS:
Benzene: Miscible [031,051,205,421]
Ether: Miscible [043]
Chloroform: Miscible [031,205,295,421]
Sulfuric acid: Soluble [025]
Hydrochloric acid (concentrated): Soluble [031,205]
Solvent naphtha: Soluble [062]
Petroleum ether: Miscible [031,051,205,421]
Light petroleum: Miscible [295]
Alcohol: Miscible [043,205,295,455]
Lower aliphatic alcohols: Miscible [031,051,421]
Fixed and volatile oils: Miscible [295,455]
Oils: Miscible [031,051,421]
Fat solvents: Miscible [031,051,421]
Most organic solvents: Miscible [025]
Ethanol: >10% [047]
VOLATILITY:
Vapor pressure: 442 mm Hg @ 20 C [043,051,062,102]; 760 mm Hg @ 34.6 C [038]
Vapor density : 2.6 [058,102,371,451]
FLAMMABILITY(FLASH POINT):
This chemical has a flash point of -45 C (-49 F) [031,036,371,451]. It
is flammable. Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry
chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. The autoignition temperature
of this compound is 180 C (356 F) [058,371,421,451].
UEL: 36% [043,051,058,451] LEL: 1.85% [036,043,058,421]
REACTIVITY:
This compound can react explosively with boron triazide, bromine
trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride, perchloric acid, (uranyl nitrate + light),
and (wood pulp extracts + heat). It reacts violently on contact with halogens
such as bromine and chlorine, interhalogens such as iodine heptafluoride,
oxidants such as silver perchlorate, nitrosyl perchlorate, nitryl perchlorate,
chromyl chloride, fluorine nitrate, permanganic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen
peroxide, peroxodisulfuric acid, iodine(VII) oxide, sodium peroxide, ozone and
liquid air, sulfur and sulfur compounds (such as sulfur when dried with
peroxidized ether) and sulfonyl chloride. It can react vigorously with acetyl
peroxide, air, bromoazide, O2, NClO2 and (H2SO4 + permanganates) [043].
This compound dissolves phosphorous, sulfur and iodine [025]. It reacts
vigorously with sulfuryl chloride [036]. It explodes with thiotrithiazyl
perchlorate and explosions have occurred during the extraction of fats and
waxes from peat soils [066]. Mixtures of this compound with nitrous oxide at
certain concentrations are explosive [295]. It is incompatible with chlorine
trifluoride, chromic anhydride, lithium aluminum hydride, potassium peroxide,
(triethyl aluminum + air) and (trimethyl aluminum + air) [451]. It can react
with Na2O2 [051]. This compound will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and
coatings [102]. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers [058,102,269,346].
STABILITY:
This compound is hygroscopic [062,421]. It is sensitive to light [051,
058,071,451]. It can form peroxides [036,051,295,451]. It is also sensitive
to air or oxygen [051,071]. Solutions of this chemical in water, DMSO, 95%
ethanol or acetone should be stable for 24 hours under normal lab conditions
(RAD).
OTHER PHYSICAL DATA:
Specific gravity: 0.7364 @ 0/4 C; 0.7249 @ 10/4 C; 0.7019 @ 30/4 C [031]
Specific gravity: 0.71 @ 25/4 C [058]; 0.7147 @ 20/20 C [062]
Melting point: -123.3 C (metastable crystals) [031]
Freezing point: -116.2 [016,062]
Boiling point: 17.9 C @ 400 mm Hg; 2.2 C @ 200 mm Hg; -11.5 C @ 100 mm Hg;
-48.1 C @ 10 mm Hg; -74.3 C @ 1.0 mm Hg [031]
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg @ -74.3 C; 5 mm Hg @ -56.9 C; 10 mm Hg @ -48.1 C;
20 mm Hg @ -38.5 C; 40 mm Hg @ -27.7 C; 60 mm Hg @ -21.8 C, 100 mm Hg @
-11.5 C; 200 mm Hg @ 2.2 C; 400 mm Hg @ 17.9 C [038]
Vapor pressure: 921 mm Hg @ 40 C [055]
Refractive index: 1.3542 @ 25 C [025]; 1.3526 @ 20 C [016,047,062]
Refractive index: 1.35555 @ 15 C [031]
Sweet, pungent odor [031,043,051,071]
Sweet, burning taste [062,295,421,455]
Evaporation rate (butyl acetate=1): 37.5 [058,102]
Odor threshold: 0.33 ppm [102]
log P octanol: 0.77/0.83 [055]
100% volatile by volume [058]
Critical temperature: 192.7 C [031]
Critical pressure: 35.6 atm [031]
Dielectric constant: 4.197 @ 26.9 C and 85.8 kilocycles [031]
Surface tension: 17.0 dynes/cm @ 20 C [062,371]
Viscosity: 0.00233 poise @ 20 C [062]
Heat of vaporization: 89.80 cal/g @ 30 C [031]
Produces considerable coldness on quick evaporation [031]
Heat of formation: -907 cal/g [031]
Heat of combustion: -8.807 kcal/g [031]
Specific heat: 0.5476 cal/g @ 30 C [062]
Electric conductivity: 0.004 mhos @ 25 C [062]
UV max(water): 400-275 nm, 250 nm, 218 nm (A = 0.01, 0.08, 1.0) [275]
Heat of fusion: 23.45 cal/g [371]
Saturated vapor pressure: 184.9 mm Hg @ 0 C, 290.8 mm Hg @ 10 C, 439.8 mm Hg @
20 C, 1276 mm Hg @ 50 C, 2304 mm Hg @ 70 C [031]
Solubility in water is increased by hydrochloric acid [031]
Forms azeotrope with water (1.3%) with boiling point of 34.2 C [031]
When shaken under absolutely dry conditions this compound can generate enough
static electricity to start a fire [031]
TOXICITY
NIOSH REGISTRY NUMBER: KI5775000
TOXICITY:
typ. dose mode specie amount units other
LCLo ihl dog 76000 ppm
TCLo ihl hmn 200 ppm
LC50 ihl mus 6500 ppm/99M
LC50 ihl rat 73000 ppm/2H
LCLo ihl rbt 106000 ppm
LDLo ipr gpg 2000 mg/kg
LD50 ipr mus 2420 mg/kg
LD50 ivn mus 996 mg/kg
LDLo orl man 260 mg/kg
LD50 orl rat 1215 mg/kg
LDLo scu frg 24 gm/kg
LDLo scu mus 8 mg/kg
AQTX/TLM96: Not available
SAX TOXICITY EVALUATION:
THR: Moderately toxic to humans by ingestion. Poison experimentally by
subcutaneous route. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and intra-
venous routes. Mildly toxic by inhalation. Human systemic effects
by inhalation: olfactory changes. Mutagenic data. A severe and
moderate skin and eye irritant. It is not corrosive or dangerously
reactive. It must not be considered safe for individuals to inhale
or ingest.
CARCINOGENICITY:
Review: IARC Cancer Review: Human Inadequate Evidence
IARC: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen (Group 3) [610]
IARC Note: Although IARC has assigned an overall evaluation to
volatile anesthetics, it has not assigned an overall evaluation to
all substances within this group [610]
MUTATION DATA:
test lowest dose | test lowest dose
----------- ----------------- | ----------- -----------------
dni-mus:emb 2850 mg/L | dnr-esc 35670 ug/well/16H
oms-ham:fbr 1 pph |
TERATOGENICITY: Not available
STANDARDS, REGULATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS:
OSHA: Federal Register (1/19/89) and 29 CFR 1910.1000 Subpart Z
Transitional Limit: PEL-TWA 400 ppm [610]
Final Limit: PEL-TWA 400 ppm, STEL 500 ppm [610]
ACGIH: TLV-TWA 400 ppm, STEL 500 ppm [015,415,421,610]
NIOSH Criteria Document: None
NFPA Hazard Rating: Health (H): 2
Flammability (F): 4
Reactivity (R): 1
H2: Materials hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely with
full-faced mask self-contained breathing apparatus which provides
eye protection (see NFPA for details).
F4: Very flammable gases or very volatile flammable liquids (see NFPA
for details).
R1: Materials which are normally stable but which may become unstable at
elevated temperatures and pressures or which may react with water with
some release of energy but not violently (see NFPA for details).
OTHER TOXICITY DATA:
Skin and Eye Irritaion Data:
eye-hmn 100 ppm
skn-rbt 360 mg open MLD
eye-rbt 100 mg MOD
skn-gpg 50 mg/24H SEV
Standards and Regulations: DOT-Hazard: Flammable liquid; Label: Flammable
liquid
Status: EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: E coli polA without S9
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Negative: Aspergillus-forward mutation;
Sperm morphology-mouse
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Inconclusive: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA TSCA Chemical Inventory, 1986
EPA TSCA Test Submission (TSCATS) Data Base, June 1989
NIOSH Analytical Methods: see Ethyl Ether, 1610
Meets criteria for proposed OSHA Medical Records Rule
Fatal dose: 30 mL [301]
IDLH value: 19000 ppm [371]
OTHER DATA (Regulatory)
PROPER SHIPPING NAME (IATA): Diethyl ether
UN/ID NUMBER: UN1155
HAZARD CLASS: 3 SUBSIDIARY RISK: None PACKING GROUP: I
LABELS REQUIRED: Flammable liquid
PACKAGING: PASSENGER: PKG. INSTR.: 302 MAXIMUM QUANTITY: 1 L
CARGO : PKG. INSTR.: 303 MAXIMUM QUANTITY: 30 L
SPECIAL PROVISIONS: None
USES:
This compound is used as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes,
alkaloids, gums, resins, hydrocarbons, raw rubber and smokeless powder. It is
an excellent solvent for nitrocellulose when mixed with alcohol. It is also
used as an important reagent in organic synthesis, especially in Grignard and
Wurtz type reactions. It is an easily-removable extractant of active
principles (hormones, etc.) from plants and animal tissues. It is used in the
manufacture of gun powder, as a primer for gasoline engines, in the manufacture
of ethylene, as an alcohol denaturant, as a refrigerant, in diesel fuels, in
dry cleaning and as an anesthetic (via inhalation). It is also used for
cleaning the skin before surgical operations and for removing adhesive plaster
from the skin.
In veterinary medicine, this compound is used as an inhalation anesthetic.
It has been used for colic (orally) and as a stimulant (subcutaneously).
COMMENTS:
The addition of naphthols, polyphenols, aromatic amines and aminophenols
has been proposed for the stabilization of this compound. Peroxides may be
removed from it by shaking with 5% aqueous ferrous sulfate solution [031].
HANDLING PROCEDURES
ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS:
This compound is toxic via all routes [051,071]. It can be absorbed
through the skin [051,062,071]. It is narcotic [025,051,071]. The vapor may
travel to a source of ignition and flash back [058,371,451]. When heated to
decomposition it emits acrid smoke, irritating fumes and toxic fumes of carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide [043,058,102,269].
MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Not available
RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS:
Permeation Test Results For The Neat (Undiluted) Chemical:
The permeation test results for the neat (undiluted) chemical are given
below. The breakthrough times of this chemical are given for each glove type
tested. The table is a presentation of actual test results, not specific
recommendations or suggestions. Avoid glove types which exhibit breakthrough
times of less than the anticipated task time plus an adequate safety factor.
If this chemical makes direct contact with your glove, or if a tear, puncture
or hole develops, replace them at once.
Glove Type Model Number Thickness Breakthrough Time
Viton North F-091 0.28 mm 12 min
Butyl rubber North B-174 0.41 mm 4 min
Neoprene Best 6780 1.30 mm 1 min
Nitrile Best 22R 1.04 mm 2 min
PVA Edmont 25-545 0.30 mm 480 min
RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR:
When working with this chemical, wear a NIOSH-approved full face
chemical cartride respirator equipped with the appropriate organic vapor
cartridges. If that is not available, a half face respirator similarly
equipped plus airtight goggles can be substituted. However, please note
that half face respirators provide a substantially lower level of protection
than do full face respirators.
OTHER: Not available
STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep
the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store it
in an explosion-proof refrigerator. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION.
SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then,
use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent
paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-
tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have
contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated
area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that
the area has been properly cleaned.
DISPOSAL AND WASTE TREATMENT: Not available
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
SKIN CONTACT:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating
all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly
with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a
physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.
INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in
the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to
transport the victim to a hospital.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown
atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or
equal to that advised under Respirator Recommendation.
EYE CONTACT:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush
victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while
simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.
Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without
specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if
no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being
aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical
problems.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of
water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control
center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth,
ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with
the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport
the victim to a hospital.
SYMPTOMS:
Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include olfactory changes,
severe to moderate skin and eye irritation, central nervous system depression,
intoxication, drowsiness and stupor [043]. Unconsciousness and death due to
respiratory failure may also occur [031,051,071,301]. Other symptoms may
include mild mucous membrane irritation and narcosis [031,430]. Symptoms of
exposure may also include dizziness, mental confusion, faintness, loss of
appetite, fatigue and nausea [036]. Additional symptoms may include a
transitory smarting sensation in the eyes, superficial epithelial injury on
prolonged exposure and, rarely, corneal opacification [099]. Anesthesia,
hepatic necrosis, excitement and hyperthermia may also occur [301]. Other
symptoms may include mild irritation of the nose and throat, dry, scaly and
fissured dermatitis, vomiting, anorexia, exhaustion, headache, psychic
disturbances, albuminuria and increased susceptibility to alcohol [346]. Other
symptoms may include embarassed breathing, emotional lability, exhilaration,
boastfulness, talkativeness, remorse, belligerency, impaired motor
coordination, slowed reaction time, slurred speech, ataxia, sensory
disturbances, diplopia, vertigo, flushing of the face, rapid pulse, sweating,
eventual incontinence of urine and feces, coma, impaired or absent tendon
reflexes, convulsions, hypoglycemia, dilated pupils, peripheral vascular
collapse (shock), hypotension, tachycardia, cold and pale skin, hypothermia,
slow and stertorous respirations, circulatory failure, aspiration pneumonitis,
gastritis, pneumonia and septicemia [151]. Contact with the eyes may cause
burns [071]. Salivation, increased bronchial secretion, laryngeal spasm,
vasodilatation, severe drop in blood pressure, reduction of blood flow to the
kidneys, increased capillary bleeding, leucocytosis, alterations in liver and
kidney function, cardiac arrest and necrosis may also occur [295]. Other
symptoms may include mental disturbances, irritation of the respiratory tract,
pallor, irregular respiration, depression and drying and cracking skin [102].
Respiratory arrest may also occur [051,421]. Other symptoms may include
belching and pain, redness and damage to the eyes [058]. Skin burns and
smarting of the eyes and respiratory tract may also occur [371]. Other
symptoms may include peripheral vasodilation and stimulation of mucus secretion
from the bronchial tree [455]. Additional symptoms may include lowering of the
pulse and body temperature, muscular relaxation, kidney injury, appearance of
polycythemia in the blood and nephritis [430]. Sleepiness may also occur
[421]. Other symptoms may include coughing, chest pains and difficult
breathing [269].
SOURCES
SOURCES:
[015] Lewis, R.J., Sr. and R.L. Tatken, Eds. Registry of Toxic Effects
of Chemical Substances. On-line Ed. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH. KI5755000.
November 20, 1989.
[016] Weast, R.C., D.R. Lide, M.J. Astle, and W.H. Beyer, Eds. CRC Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics. 70th Ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton,
FL. 1989. p. C-269, #6791.
[025] Buckingham, J., Ed. Dictionary of Organic Compounds. 5th Ed.
Chapman and Hall. New York. 1982. Vol. 2, p. 1805, #D-03366.
[031] Windholz, M., Ed. The Merck Index. 10th Ed. Merck and Co.
Rahway, NJ. 1983. p. 551, #3751.
[036] Bretherick, L., Ed. Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory. 4th Ed.
The Royal Society of Chemistry. London. 1986. p. 292.
[038] Stull, D.R. Vapor pressure of pure substances: Organic Compounds.
Industrial and Engineering Chem. 39(4):517-550. 1947. Listed.
[039] Boublik, T., V. Fried and E. Hala. The Vapor Pressures of Pure
Substances. p. 177.
[043] Sax, N.I. and Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials. 7th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 1989.
Vol. II, pp. 1634-1635, #EJU000.
[047] Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle, Eds. CRC Handbook of Data on
Organic Compounds. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
1985. Vol. I, p. 616, #E00499.
[051] Sax, N. Irving, Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials
Report. Bi-monthly Updates. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc.
New York. July/August 1981, Vol. 1, #6, pp. 54-56; January/February
1984, Vol. 4, #1, pp. 81-84.
[055] Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals. 2nd Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 1983.
pp. 656-657.
[058] Information Handling Services. Material Safety Data Sheets
Service. Microfiche Ed. Bimonthly Updates. December 1989/January
1990. #2600-021, B-09; #5846-077, E-01.
[062] Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis Sr., Eds. Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary. 11th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 1987.
p. 491.
[066] Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd Ed.
Butterworths. London. 1985. pp. 8, 67, 91, 93, 99, 467-469, 911,
936, 937, 952, 963, 980, 1048, 1080, 1099, 1111, 1155, 1171, 1230,
1303, 1327, 1362, 1390, 1560.
[071] Sax, N. Irving, Ed. Hazardous Chemicals Information Annual, No. 1.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Information Services. New York. 1986.
pp. 45-48.
[082] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory: 1985
Edition. 5 Vols. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, D.C. January 1986. Listed.
[099] Grant, W. Morton, M.D. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd Ed. Charles
C. Thomas, Publisher. Springfield, IL. 1986. p. 411.
[102] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department
of Labor. NIOSH/OSHA Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical
Hazards. 3 Vols. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123. January,
1981. Vol. 2.
[107] Occupational Health Services, Inc. Hazardline. Occupational
Health Services, Inc. New York. Listed.
[110] Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environmental Mutagen Information
Center (EMIC), Bibliographic Data Base. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN. Listed.
[120] Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environmental Teratogen Information
Center (ETIC), Bibliographic Data Base. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN. Listed.
[151] Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, and R.P. Smith. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th Ed. Williams and Wilkins, Co.
Baltimore. 1984. p. II-184, #472; pp. III-166 to III-171.
[205] Dean, John A., Ed. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. 13th Ed.
McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. 1985. p. 7-306, #d579.
[269] Lenga, Robert E. The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data.
Edition 1. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. Milwaukee, WI. 1985.
p. 864, B.
[275] Aldrich Chemical Company. Aldrich Catalog/Handbook of Fine
Chemical. Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. Milwaukee, WI.
1988. p. 679, #30,996-6.
[295] Reynolds, James E.F., Ed. Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th Ed.
The Pharmaceutical Press. London. 1982. p. 748, #3107-m.
[301] Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis
and Treatment. 11th Ed. Lange Medical Publications. Los
Altos, CA. 1983. pp. 345-347.
[327] Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records
Administration. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor,
Parts 1900 to 1910. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington. 1988. p. 707.
[346] Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
2nd Ed. Noyes, Publications. Park Ridge, NJ. 1985. pp. 437-438.
[371] U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS
Hazardous Chemical Data. U.S. Coast Guard. Washington,
D.C. 1985. Vol. 2.
[395] International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health
Organization. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. International
Agency for Research on Cancer. Geneva. Vol. 11, pp. 285-293;
Supplement 7, pp. 93-95.
[406] Goodman, L.S., A. Gilman, F. Murad and T.W. Rall, Eds. The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th Ed. Macmillan
Publishing Co. New York. 1985. pp. 260, 292.
[415] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices
for 1988-1989. American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati, OH. 1988. p. 21.
[421] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values. 5th Ed.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Cincinnati, OH. 1986. p. 259.
[430] Clayton, G.D. and F.E. Clayton, Eds. Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Vol. 2. Third Revised Edition. John Wiley
and Sons. New York. 1981. Vol. IIA, pp. 2507-2511.
[451] National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 9th Ed. National Fire Protection
Association. Quincy, MA. 1986. pp. 325M-51, 49-41, 491M-78.
[455] The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The Pharmaceutical Codex.
11th Edition. The Pharmaceutical Press. London. 1979. pp. 336-337.
[545] Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records
Administration. Federal Register, Dept. of Labor, Part III.
U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. January 19, 1989.
p. 2937.
[610] Clansky, Kenneth B., Ed. Suspect Chemicals Sourcebook: A Guide to
Industrial Chemicals Covered Under Major Federal Regulatory and
Advisory Programs. Roytech Publications, Inc. Burlingame, CA.
1990. Update, p. xvii.
[620] United States National Toxicology Program. Chemical Status Report.
NTP Chemtrack System. Research Triangle Park, NC. November 6, 1990.
Not listed.
-------------------------------------------------------------