NTP CHEMICAL REPOSITORY (RADIAN CORPORATION, AUGUST 29, 1991)
IDENTIFIERS
CATALOG ID NUMBER: 000571
CAS NUMBER: 5989-27-5
BASE CHEMICAL NAME: LIMONENE,D-
PRIMARY NAME: D-LIMONENE
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C10H16
STRUCTURAL FORMULA: Not printable
WLN: L6UTJ A1 B1 DY1&U1
SYNONYMS:
(R)-1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)CYCLOHEXENE
(+)-4-ISOPROPENYL-1-METHYLCYCLOHEXENE
D-(+)-LIMONENE
(+)-R-LIMONENE
D-P-MENTHA-1,8-DIENE
P-MENTHA-1,8-DIENE
(+)-LIMONENE
(R)-(+)-LIMONENE
(+)-CARVENE
CITRENE
NCI-C55572
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: LITERATURE: Clear, colorless, mobile liquid
REPOSITORY: Clear colorless liquid
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 136.24
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 0.8411 @ 20/4 C [017,205]
DENSITY: 0.8411 g/mL @ 20 C [062]
MP (DEG C): -96.9 C [038]
BP (DEG C): 175.5-176 C [043,269,275]
SOLUBILITIES:
WATER : <1 mg/mL @ 19.5 C (RAD)
DMSO : >=100 mg/mL @ 19.5 C (RAD)
95% ETHANOL : >=100 mg/mL @ 19.5 C (RAD)
METHANOL : Not available
ACETONE : >=100 mg/mL @ 19.5 C (RAD)
TOLUENE : Not available
OTHER SOLVENTS:
Ether: Miscible [205]
VOLATILITY:
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 14 C; 5 mm Hg @ 40.4 C; 10 mm Hg @ 53.8 C [038]
Vapor density : 4.69 [058]
FLAMMABILITY(FLASH POINT):
This chemical has a flash point of 48 C (119 F) [269,275]. It is com-
bustible. Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical,
carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.
UEL: 6.1% @ 150 C [058] LEL: 0.7% @ 150 C [058]
REACTIVITY:
This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents [058,269]. It
reacts violently with (iodine pentafluoride + tetrafluoroethylene) [043,066].
With dry hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide, it forms monohalides. With
aqueous hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide, it forms the dihalide [051].
STABILITY:
This chemical is sensitive to exposure to light. Atmospheric oxidation
can occur [052]. Solutions of this chemical in water, DMSO, 95% ethanol or
acetone should be stable for 24 hours under normal lab conditions (RAD).
OTHER PHYSICAL DATA:
Specific gravity: 0.8402 @ 21/4 C [031]; 0.841 @ 25/25 C [058]
Specific gravity: 0.84207 @ 21/22 C [052]
Melting point is also reported as -74.3 C [017,047]
Boiling point: 71 C @ 20 mm Hg [025]; 61 C @ 12 mm Hg [017,047]
Refractive index: 1.4743 @ 21 C [031]; 1.4715 @ 20 C [269,275]
Optical rotation: +125.6 degrees @ 20 C (undiluted) [017,047]
Optical rotation: +106 degrees @ 20 C (neat) [275]
Optical rotation: +122.34 degrees @ 25 C [052]
100% volatile by volume [058]
Pleasant lemon-like odor [051]
TOXICITY
NIOSH REGISTRY NUMBER: GW6360000
TOXICITY:
typ. dose mode specie amount units other
LDLo idu mus 1 gm/kg
LD50 ipr mus 600 mg/kg
LD50 ipr rat 3600 mg/kg
LD50 ivn rat 110 mg/kg
LD50 orl mus 5600 mg/kg
LD50 orl rat 4400 mg/kg
LD50 scu mus 3170 mg/kg
AQTX/TLM96: over 1000 ppm [052]
SAX TOXICITY EVALUATION:
THR: Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and
intraduodenal routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion. An experimental tumor-
igen and teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects.
CARCINOGENICITY:
Tumorigenic Data:
TDLo: orl-mus 67 gm/kg/39W-I
Status: NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (Gavage); Clear Evidence: Male Rat [620]
NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (Gavage); No Evidence: Female Rat, Male and
Female Mouse [620]
MUTATION DATA:
test lowest dose | test lowest dose
----------- ----------------- | ----------- -----------------
Not available |
TERATOGENICITY:
Reproductive Effects Data:
TDLo: orl-dog 680 gm/kg (27W male)
TDLo: orl-mus 3546 mg/kg (7-12D preg)
TDLo: orl-mus 14178 mg/kg (7-12D preg)
TDLo: orl-rat 20083 mg/kg (9-15D preg)
TDLo: orl-rat 252 gm/kg (26W male)
TDLo: orl-rat 83 gm/kg (30D pre)
TDLo: orl-rbt 3250 mg/kg (6-18D preg)
STANDARDS, REGULATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS:
OSHA: None
ACGIH: None
NIOSH Criteria Document: None
NFPA Hazard Rating: Health (H): None
Flammability (F): None
Reactivity (R): None
OTHER TOXICITY DATA:
Review: Toxicology Review
Status: EPA TSCA Chemical Inventory, 1986
EPA TSCA Test Submission (TSCATS) Data Base, January 1989
Meets criteria for proposed OSHA Medical Records Rule
Ingestion of 15 grams of this type of compound has caused death [301]
OTHER DATA (Regulatory)
PROPER SHIPPING NAME (IATA): Flammable liquids, n.o.s.
(d-Limonene)
UN/ID NUMBER: UN1993
HAZARD CLASS: 3 SUBSIDIARY RISK: None PACKING GROUP: III
LABELS REQUIRED: Flammable liquid
PACKAGING: PASSENGER: PKG. INSTR.: 309, Y309 MAXIMUM QUANTITY: 60 L, 10 L
CARGO : PKG. INSTR.: 310 MAXIMUM QUANTITY: 220 L
SPECIAL PROVISIONS: None
USES:
This compound is used as a fungal growth inhibitor, flavoring, fragrance
and perfume materials, solvent, manufacture of resins, wetting and dispersing
agent, antimicrobial, antiviral, antilarval and insect attractant or repellent.
It is used in Japan to dissolve gallstones and in wound healing. It has been
used as an odorant and aerosol stabilizer.
COMMENTS:
The most important and widespread terpene known. It is a major consti-
tuent of oil of orange rind, dill oil, oil of cumin, neroli, bergamot, caraway
and lemon [025].
HANDLING PROCEDURES
ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS:
This compound is a skin irritant and sensitizer [031,051,052,151]. It is
also an eye irritant [058]. It may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or
skin absorption [269]. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke
and toxic fumes of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide [043,058,269].
MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:
If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during
handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to
your gloves.
RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS:
Permeation Test Results For The Neat (Undiluted) Chemical:
The permeation test results for the neat (undiluted) chemical are given
below. The breakthrough times of this chemical are given for each glove type
tested. The table is a presentation of actual test results, not specific
recommendations or suggestions. Avoid glove types which exhibit breakthrough
times of less than the anticipated task time plus an adequate safety factor.
If this chemical makes direct contact with your glove, or if a tear, puncture
or hole develops, replace them at once.
Suggested Glove Type (RAD) Model Number Thickness Breakthrough Time
Polyvinyl alcohol Edmont 25-545 0.23 mm 480 min
Nitrile Edmont 37-155 0.38 mm 480 min
Viton North F-091 0.23 mm 480 min
Neoprene Edmont 29-870 0.43 mm 60 min
RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR:
Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-
approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge,
i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid
gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter).
OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact
a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and
potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the
physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and
toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route
of exposure.
STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep
the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store
under refrigerated temperatures.
SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then,
use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated
clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for
eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol
followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the
contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has
verified that the area has been properly cleaned.
DISPOSAL AND WASTE TREATMENT: Not available
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
SKIN CONTACT:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating
all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly
with soap and water.
IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms
(such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after
washing the affected areas.
INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a
hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath,
or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown
atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or
equal to that advised under Respirator Recommendation.
EYE CONTACT:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush
victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while
simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.
Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without
specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if
no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing,
give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a
hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a
hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth,
ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with
the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport
the victim to a hospital.
SYMPTOMS:
Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation and sensiti-
zation of the skin [031,051,052,151]. It may also cause eye irritation and
damage [058]. Ingestion of large doses may lead to albuminuria and hematuria
[151]. This type of compound irritates all tissues intensely and may cause
circulatory collapse. Ingestion of this type of compound may cause abdominal
burning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysuria, hematuria, unconsciousness,
shallow respiration, and convulsions. Inhalation of this type of compound may
cause dizziness, rapid and shallow breathing, tachycardia, bronchial irri-
tation, unconsciousness and convulsions. Anuria, pulmonary edema and bronchial
pneumonia may complicate recovery after either type of exposure [301].
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