NTP CHEMICAL REPOSITORY (RADIAN CORPORATION, AUGUST 29, 1991)
IDENTIFIERS
CATALOG ID NUMBER: 000437
CAS NUMBER: 56-53-1
BASE CHEMICAL NAME: DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
PRIMARY NAME: DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C18H20O2
STRUCTURAL FORMULA: HOC6H4C(C2H5)=C(C2H5)C6H4OH
WLN: QR DY2&UY2&R DQ
SYNONYMS:
ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIETHYL-4,4'-STILBENEDIOL
4,4'-(1,2-DIETHYL-1,2-ETHENEDIYL)BIS-PHENOL
TRANS-ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIETHYL-4,4'-STILBENEDIOL
ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIETHYLSTILBENEDIOL
DIETHYLSTILBESTEROL
3,4'(4,4'-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)HEX-3-ENE
3,4-BIS(P-HYDROXYPHENYL)-3-HEXENE
TRANS-4,4'-(1,2-DIETHYL-1,2-ETHENEDIYL)BISPHENOL
ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIETHYL-(E)-4,4'-STILBENEDIOL
TRANS-DIETHYLSTILBESTEROL
TRANS-DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
DIETHYLSTILBOESTEROL
TRANS-DIETHYLSTILBOESTEROL
4,4'-DIHYDROXYDIETHYLSTILBENE
4,4'-DIHYDROXY-ALPHA,BETA-DIETHYLSTILBENE
DISTILBENE
ACNESTROL
AGOSTILBEN
ANTIGESTIL
BIO-DES
BUFON
CLIMATERINE
COMESTROL
COMESTROL ESTROBENE
CYREN
CYREN A
DAWE'S DESTROL
DEB
DES
DES (SYNTHETIC ESTROGEN)
DESMA
DESTROL
DIASTYL
DIBESTROL
DIBESTROL '2' PREMIX
DICORVIN
DI-ESTRYL
DOMESTROL
DYESTROL
ESTROBENE
ESTROSYN
FONATOL
GRAFESTROL
HIBESTROL
MICROEST
MILESTROL
NEO-OESTRANOL 1
OESTROGENINE
OESTROMENIN
OESTROMENSYL
OESTROMIENIN
PALESTROL
SERRAL
SEXOCRETIN
SIBOL
STIL
STILBESTROL
STILBETIN
STILBOESTROFORM
STILBOESTROL
STILKAP
STIL-ROL
SYNESTRIN
SYNTHOESTRIN
SYNTOFOLIN
NSC-3070
4,4'-STILBENEDIOL, ALPHA, ALPHA'-DIETHYL-
3-HEXENE, 3,4-BIS(P-HYDROXYPHENYL)-
ESTILBEN
ESTILBIN "MCO"
ESTRIL
ESTROGEN
ESTROMENIN
FOLLIDIENE
GYNOPHARM
IDROESTRIL
ISCOVESCO
MAKAROL
MENOSTILBEEN
MICREST
OEKOLP
OESTROL VETAG
OESTROLMENSIL
OESTROMON
PABESTROL
PHENOL, 4,4'-(1,2-DIETHYL-1,2-ETHENEDIYL)BIS-, (E)-
(E)-4,4'-(1,2-DIETHYL-1,2-ETHENEDIYL)BISPHENOL
PROTECTONA
RCRA WASTE NUMBER U089
RUMESTROL 1
RUMESTROL 2
SEDESTRAN
SINTESTROL
STIBILIUM
4,4'-STILBENEDIOL, ALPHA, ALPHA'-DIETHYL-, (E)-
(E)-ALPHA, ALPHA'-DIETHYL-4,4'-STILBENEDIOL
4,4'-STILBENEDIOL, 2,2'-DIETHYL-
2,2'-DIETHYL-4,4'-STILBENEDIOL
STILBESTROL, DIETHYL-
STILBESTRONE
STILBOEFRAL
STILBOFOLIN
STILBOFOLLIN
STILBOL
SYNTHOFOLIN
TAMPOVAGAN STILBOESTROL
TYLOSTERONE
VAGESTROL
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: LITERATURE: White crystalline powder
REPOSITORY: White powder
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 268.36
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Not available
DENSITY: Not available
MP (DEG C): 169-172 C [033,047,055,395]
BP (DEG C): Not available
SOLUBILITIES:
WATER : <1 mg/mL @ 20 C (RAD)
DMSO : >=100 mg/mL @ 21 C (RAD)
95% ETHANOL : >=100 mg/mL @ 21 C (RAD)
METHANOL : Soluble [295,395]
ACETONE : >=100 mg/mL @ 21 C (RAD)
TOLUENE : Not available
OTHER SOLVENTS:
Dioxane: Soluble [295,395]
Chloroform: Soluble [033,047,062,395]
Fatty oils: Soluble [033,062]
Dilute alkali hydroxides: Soluble [033,052,062,395]
Vegetable oils: Soluble [395]
Ethyl acetate: Soluble [052,295,395]
Ether: Soluble [033,047,062,205]
Fixed oils: Soluble [295]
Arachis oil: 1 in 40 [295,395]
Olive oil: 1 in 90 [295,395]
Alcohol: Soluble [033,062,205]
VOLATILITY:
Vapor pressure: Not available
Vapor density : Not available
FLAMMABILITY(FLASH POINT):
Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is
probably combustible. Fires involving this material can be controlled with a
dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.
UEL: Not available LEL: Not available
REACTIVITY:
This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases,
acid chlorides and acid anhydrides [269].
STABILITY:
This chemical may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to light [052,295,
455]. Solutions of this chemical in water, DMSO, 95% ethanol or acetone should
be stable for 24 hours under normal lab conditions (RAD).
OTHER PHYSICAL DATA:
Odorless [055,062,295,455]
Tasteless [295]
TOXICITY
NIOSH REGISTRY NUMBER: WJ5600000
TOXICITY:
typ. dose mode specie amount units other
LD50 ipr rat 34 mg/kg
LDLo scu mus 50 mg/kg
LD50 ivn mus 300 mg/kg
TDLo skn hmn 60 ug/kg/14D
AQTX/TLM96: Not available
SAX TOXICITY EVALUATION:
THR: Poison by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic by
ingestion and other routes. A human carcinogen and teratogen by many
routes. It causes skin, liver and lung tumors in exposed humans as well
as uterine and other reproductive system tumors in the female offspring
of exposed women. An experimental carcinogen, neoplastigen, tumorigen
and teratogen by various routes. A transplacental carcinogen. Glandular
system effects by skin contact. Human reproductive effects by ingestion.
Implicated in male impotence and enlargement of male breasts. Other
experimental reproductive effects. Mutagenic data.
CARCINOGENICITY:
Tumorigenic Data:
TDLo: orl-wmn 7655 ug/kg/4Y-C
TDLo: orl-wmn 21 mg/kg (13-15W preg)
TDLo: unr-man 18250 ug/kg/7Y-I
TDLo: unr-man 184 mg/kg/12Y-C
TDLo: mul-man 25 mg/kg/2Y-C
TDLo: orl-rat 103 gm/kg/2Y-C
TDLo: scu-rat 6 ug/kg (15-18D preg)
TD : imp-rat 100 mg/kg/5W-C
TDLo: imp-rat 11500 ug/kg
TDLo: orl-mus 263 ug/kg/50W-C
TDLo: ipr-mus 1 mg/kg (17D preg)
TDLo: scu-mus 800 ug/kg (9-16D preg)
TDLo: par-mus 340 mg/kg/34W-I
TDLo: imp-mus 8 mg/kg
TDLo: ivg-mus 5280 ug/kg/44W-I
TDLo: scu-dog 17 mg/kg/29W-I
TDLo: par-dog 12 mg/kg/23W-I
TDLo: imp-mky 48 mg/kg
TDLo: orl-gpg 144 mg/kg/12W-I
TDLo: imp-gpg 1080 ug/kg
TDLo: orl-ham 40 mg/kg (15D preg)
TDLo: scu-ham 66 mg/kg/44W-I
TDLo: scu-ham 816 mg/kg/1Y-I
TDLo: imp-ham 160 mg/kg
TD : imp-ham 160 mg/kg
TD : orl-man 69 mg/kg/5Y-C
TD : scu-rat 1 mg/kg (19D preg)
TD : imp-rat 25 mg/kg
TD : scu-mus 230 mg/kg/39W-I
TD : imp-ham 360 mg/kg/12W-I
TD : imp-ham 864 mg/kg/12W-I
TD : imp-rat 20 mg/kg
TD : orl-mus 1075 ug/kg/4W-C
TD : orl-man 45990 ug/kg/3Y-C
Review: IARC Cancer Review: Human Sufficient Evidence
IARC Cancer Review: Animal Sufficient Evidence
IARC human carcinogen (Group 1) [015,395,610]
IARC Note: Although IARC has assigned an overall evaluation to non-
steroidal estrogens, it has not assigned an overall evaluation to
all substances within this group [610]
Status: NTP Fifth Annual Report on Carcinogens, 1989: Known to be carcinogenic
[610]
EPA Carcinogen Assessment Group [610]
MUTATION DATA: See RTECS printout for most current data
test lowest dose | test lowest dose
----------- ----------------- | ----------- -----------------
dni-hmn:lym 10 umol/L | sce-hmn:fbr 133 nmol/L
sce-hmn:lym 10 umol/L | otr-mus:emb 5 umol/L
cyt-ham:lng 7500 ug/L | dns-hmn:hla 1 umol/L
mma-mus:lym 50 mg/L/4H | msc-mus:lym 25 mg/L
spm-mus-ipr 500 mg/kg | cyt-ham:fbr 15 mg/L/48H
dnd-ham:emb 9 mg/L | mmo-smc 1 gm/L
mrc-smc 10 mg/L | cyt-smc 20 mg/L
otr-rat:emb 1020 ug/L | dnd-rat-scu 1800 ug/kg
dnd-rat-orl 2200 ug/kg | dnd-rat:lvr 100 umol/L
sce-rat:lvr 100 nmol/L | cyt-mus-ipr 165 ug/kg
otr-ham:emb 10 ug/L | otr-ham:kdy 1160 ug/L
dnd-ham-scu 6900 ug/kg | dns-ham:emb 1 mg/L
sce-ham:fbr 10 umol/L | msc-ham:emb 1 mg/L
mma-esc 50 mg/L | dnd-bcs 2 mg/disc
sln-smc 25 mg/L | oms-hmn:oth 20 umol/L
sce-hmn:lvr 10 umol/L | mnt-mus-ipr 3200 ug/kg
dns-mus-ipr 60 mg/kg | cyt-mus:emb 5 mg/L
cyt-ham:lvr 3 mg/L | cyt-ham:ovr 7500 ug/L
cyt-hmn:lym 100 ug/L | dnd-ham:ovr 10 umol/L
dnd-hmn:fbr 300 umol/L | dnd-hmn:leu 20 umol/L
dnd-mus:lym 20 mg/L | mnt-ham:lng 1 mmol/L
mnt-hmn:lym 5 umol/L | sln-ham:lvr 3 mg/L
sln-hmn:lym 6 mmol/L | sce-mus:oth 100 nmol/L
sce-mus:fbr 1 mg/L | bfa-rat/ovr 150 mg/kg
msc-hmn:lym 20 mg/L | mnt-ham:emb 7500 ug/L
sln-ham:emb 1 mg/L | sln-ham:fbr 50 umol/L
dni-hmn:fbr 100 umol/L | mma-ham:emb 1 mg/L
dns-hmn:lvr 5600 ug/L | dns-rat:lvr 5600 ug/L
dnd-hmn:lvr 18 mg/L | dnd-rat:lvr 5600 ug/L
TERATOGENICITY: See RTECS printout for most current data
Reproductive Effects Data:
TDLo: orl-wmn 5 mg/kg (5D pre)
TDLo: scu-mus 8 ug/kg (9-16D preg)
TDLo: orl-man 1065 mg/kg (30W male)
TDLo: orl-man 521 mg/kg (2Y male)
TDLo: orl-wmn 1730 mg/kg (1-39W preg)
TDLo: orl-wmn 147 mg/kg (7-34W preg)
TDLo: orl-wmn 21 mg/kg (13-15W preg)
TDLo: orl-wmn 5 mg/kg (1-5D preg)
TDLo: unr-wmn 1 mg/kg (4D preg)
TDLo: orl-rat 770 ug/kg (7D pre)
TDLo: orl-mus 108 ug/kg (1-3D preg)
TDLo: scu-mus 36 ug/kg (1-3D preg)
TDLo: orl-wmn 24 mg/kg (34W pre)
TDLo: orl-rat 473 ug/kg (1-22D preg/21D post)
TDLo: orl-rat 100 ug/kg (10D male)
TDLo: orl-rat 100 ug/kg (15D preg)
TDLo: skn-rat 12 mg/kg (30D male)
TDLo: scu-rat 1300 ng/kg (1D pre)
TDLo: par-rat 6 ug/kg (16-19D preg)
TDLo: orl-mus 19 ug/kg (4-6D preg)
TDLo: ipr-mus 1 mg/kg (16D preg)
TDLo: par-mus 24 ug/kg (4-6D preg)
TDLo: ivg-mus 280 mg/kg (28D pre)
TDLo: ims-dog 450 ug/kg (18D male)
TDLo: orl-mky 7200 ug/kg (18-23W preg)
TDLo: orl-rbt 120 ug/kg (8D male)
TDLo: scu-rbt 15 ug/kg (1-3D preg)
TDLo: ims-rbt 5 ug/kg (1-3D preg)
TDLo: unr-rbt 50 ug/kg (1-25D preg)
TDLo: orl-ham 2250 ug/kg (1-9D preg)
TDLo: orl-wmn 2500 ug/kg (5D pre)
TDLo: unr-wmn 8400 ug/kg (4-9W preg)
TDLo: unr-wmn 24500 ug/kg (14-20W preg)
TDLo: unr-wmn 150 mg/kg (7-34W preg)
TDLo: orl-rat 6300 ng/kg (7D pre)
TDLo: orl-rat 100 ug/kg (5D preg)
TDLo: orl-rat 585 ug/kg (6-18D preg)
TDLo: orl-rat 130 ug/kg (6-18D preg)
TDLo: scu-rat 50 ug/kg (1-5D preg)
TDLo: scu-rat 3 mg/kg (19-21D preg)
TDLo: scu-rat 250 ug/kg (1D pre)
TDLo: scu-rat 10 ug/kg (1D preg)
TDLo: scu-rat 1 mg/kg (19D preg)
TDLo: scu-rat 6 ug/kg (15-18D preg)
TDLo: scu-rat 4680 ug/kg (3D male)
TDLo: orl-mus 72 ug/kg (3D pre)
TDLo: orl-mus 4 ug/kg (4D pre)
TDLo: orl-mus 644 ug/kg (7D pre)
TDLo: scu-mus 800 ug/kg (9-16D preg)
TDLo: scu-mus 100 ug/kg (16D preg)
TDLo: scu-mus 2520 ng/kg (3D pre)
TDLo: par-mus 1 mg/kg (17D preg)
TDLo: ipr-mus 280 mg/kg (28D pre)
TDLo: orl-mky 1200 ug/kg (1-6D preg)
TDLo: orl-mky 1 mg/kg (1-6D preg)
TDLo: scu-rbt 6 ug/kg (1-3D preg)
TDLo: scu-rbt 1500 ug/kg (3D pre)
TDLo: orl-ham 70 ug/kg (7D pre)
TDLo: scu-ham 2 mg/kg (1D preg)
TDLo: imp-ham 160 mg/kg (45W male)
TDLo: orl-mam 1038 ug/kg (30D pre/1-53D preg)
TDLo: scu-mam 62 ug/kg (20-26D preg)
TDLo: ivn-rat 3 ug/kg (3D pre)
STANDARDS, REGULATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS:
OSHA: None
ACGIH: None
NIOSH Criteria Document: None
NFPA Hazard Rating: Health (H): None
Flammability (F): None
Reactivity (R): None
OTHER TOXICITY DATA:
Review: Toxicology Review-12
Status: EPA TSCA Chemical Inventory, 1989
EPA TSCA Test Submission (TSCATS) Data Base, April 1990
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: Cell transform.-RLV F344 rat
embryo
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Positive: L5178Y cells in vitro-TK test;
Mammalian micronucleus
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Negative: Cell transform.-BALB/c-3T3;
N crassa-aneuploidy
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Negative: Histidine reversion-Ames test;
In vitro SCE-nonhuman
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Inconclusive: SHE-clonal assay; E coli
polA without S9
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Inconclusive: Sperm morphology-human;
Sperm morphology-mouse
EPA Genetox Program 1988, Inconclusive: In vitro UDS-human fibroblast
OTHER DATA (Regulatory)
PROPER SHIPPING NAME (IATA): Not restricted
UN/ID NUMBER:
HAZARD CLASS: SUBSIDIARY RISK: PACKING GROUP:
LABELS REQUIRED:
PACKAGING: PASSENGER: PKG. INSTR.: MAXIMUM QUANTITY:
CARGO : PKG. INSTR.: MAXIMUM QUANTITY:
SPECIAL PROVISIONS:
USES:
This compound is a non-steroid synthetic estrogen used in biochemical
research, in medicine (prevents spontaneous abortion) and veterinary medicine.
It is currently approved by the USFDA for the following uses in humans:
(1) replacement therapy of estrogen deficiencies associated with menopause and
other hormone-related conditions; (2) control of functional menstrual dis-
orders; (3) relief or prevention of breast engorgement after child delivery;
and (4) palliative therapy for cancer of the prostate and for cancer of the
breast in postmenopausal women.
COMMENTS:
Under USDA regulations, no residues are permitted in the tissues of
slaughtered animals and it is not permitted in cattle feeds [062].
HANDLING PROCEDURES
ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS:
This chemical may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It may cause
irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide [269].
MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Not available
RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS:
GlovES+ Expert System Glove Types For The Neat (Undiluted) Chemical:
This chemical has not been tested for permeation by Radian Corporation;
however, the GlovES+ expert system was used to extrapolate permeation test
information from compounds in the same chemical class. The GlovES+ system uses
permeation data from literature sources; therefore, extra safety margins should
be used with the estimated protection time(s). If this chemical makes direct
contact with your glove, or if a tear, puncture or hole develops, replace them
at once.
The GlovES+ expert system is a tool that can help people better manage
protection from chemicals, however this tool cannot replace sound judgment nor
make technical decisions. Our GlovES+ expert system is designed to offer
initial advice and assistance in glove selection while the final glove
selection should be made by knowledgeable individuals based on the specific
circumstances involved.
Glove Type Model Number Thickness Estimated Protection Time
Nitrile North LA-142G 0.36 mm 480 min
Unknown North Silvershield 0.10 mm 480 min
Viton North F-091 0.25 mm 480 min
Neoprene Pioneer N-44 0.56 mm 480 min
RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR:
Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-
approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge,
i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid
gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter).
OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact
a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and
potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the
physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and
toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route
of exposure.
STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store
it in a refrigerator.
SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE
ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with
60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use
absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material.
Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated,
in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contamin-
ated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water
solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or
other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.
DISPOSAL AND WASTE TREATMENT: Not available
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
SKIN CONTACT:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating
all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly
with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a
physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.
INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a
hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath,
or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown
atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or
equal to that advised under Respirator Recommendation.
EYE CONTACT:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush
victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while
simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.
Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without
specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if
no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing,
give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a
hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a
hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth,
ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with
the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport
the victim to a hospital.
SYMPTOMS:
Symptoms of exposure to this compound via ingestion include dysmenorrhea,
premenstrual-like syndrome, amenorrhea (during and after), increase in size
of uterine fibromyomata, vaginal candidiasis, change in cervical eversion and
of cervical secretion, cystitis-like syndrome; tenderness, enlargement and
secretion of the breasts; abdominal cramps, bloating, cholestatic jaundice,
chloasma or melasma, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, loss of scalp hair,
hemorrhagic eruptions, hirsutism, steepening of corneal curvature, intolerance
to contact lenses, headache, migraine, dizziness, mental depression, chorea,
decrease or increase in weight, reduced carbohydrate tolerance, aggravation of
porphyria, edema and changes in libido [072,157]. Gynaecomastia is the main
side effect in the male. Exposure may also cause proliferation and withdrawal
bleeding, sodium retention, nitrogen retention, alterations in liver function,
jaundice, nausea and vomiting [295]. It can cause male impotence and trans-
sexual changes [029]. It may also cause congenital malformation in the fetus
[269]. Human reproductive effects by ingestion include abnormal spermato-
genesis, changes in the testes, epididymis and sperm duct; menstrual cycle
changes or disorders, changes in female fertility, developmental abnormalities
of the fetal urogenital system, germ cell effects in offspring and delayed
effects in the newborn [043].
SOURCES
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[157] Huff, B.B., Ed. Physicians' Desk Reference. 44th Ed. Medical
Economics Co. Oradell, NJ. 1990. p. 1211.
[205] Dean, John A., Ed. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. 13th Ed.
McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. 1985. p. 7-310, #d628.
[269] Lenga, Robert E. The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data.
Edition 1. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. Milwaukee, WI. 1985.
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